Wetland ecosystem pdf

The bigger braids are Guadiana and neighbouring wetland areas. The widths of for a few days to dry well and whiten. Basketry techniques: a, braiding Stipa tenacissima ; b, coiling Secale cereale ; c, coiling Stipa tenacissima ; d, twining Arundo donax ; e, twining Figure 5 Salix ; f, weaving a chair seat Typha [photos: J.

Most of these ropes are used as string to sew ments that make up each of the branches Fig. So that braided pieces. One way to wrap the handful of uously.

The position of the hands, the gesture, is essential collected asparagus is by peeling a stem flax-leaved daph- so that the braid is uniform and clean. Moreo- From the same type of braid, a great variety of pieces ver, a rope of bark of this plant was used also to castrate can be elaborated.

What determines the final work is the goatlings or lambs. In general, there are two different Coiled basketry. The around it Balfet Fig. This easy technique was choice depends on the piece to be made and its design.

This technique, For sewing, people use a string made with fibres of although rare in the Guadiana area, is specific for making galingale or juncia Cyperus longus Boeckeler , black some basketry pieces. The string used for sewing have two or three strands The fibre bundle that forms the body of work must and is known as cosedera and often is made with different maintain a continuous thickness Fig.

In each round, the mallet is held on the pre- strands intertwine. The string used for sewing is known as vious lap sewing with a needle forming a point that forms a cosedera and often is made with a different plant species.

In the domes- The needle is made of iron or with a bone of a sheep-leg tic equipment of La Mancha and the upper Guadiana river or with rockrose or jara Cistus ladanifer L. Many area, three basic pieces were made with this technique us- traditional pieces were made with this technique, especial- ing rye straw as a material, which was sewn with an espar- ly baskets to carry water on clay pots on horses or big to grass seam.

One Other definite techniques. The ed with ornaments, often made using specific techniques. This technique was There are various braids used for handles and other end- used to weave fishing traps garlitos and nasas. This is cus- ings such as trims and ornaments. This technique is based on weaving a moving ele- with which it is made. Thus, there are soguillos with five ment weft over other fixed warp so that the piece is being and with eight, or with four, called rabogato.

The redondo made as it is knitted. The completions of the pieces indicate the quality level of the works. A common ornament in the area is the cala- Ropes. But, this is the frontiles a piece in the cow front to hold the yoke Fig.

Some plants, as galin- gale, are especially used to make ropes. A specific rope Upper Guadiana river area basketry artifacts type is used to hang melons Cucumis melo L. Melons are a typical crop and very important in the diet of The diverse basketry commodities covered the fisher- this area. To keep it fresh more time, the traditional way men needs, for their work in the Guadiana river, but also is hanged with a rope. For some species, like black sedge, for their households and their animals, especially horses people had to beat the plant to free the fibres, before mak- or mules Table 4, Figs.

Basketry typology I: a, chair seat made of Carex riparia; b, puff or small seat posete made of Typha; c, gourd covered made of Stipa tenacissima; d, garlito made of Salix twigs and Scirpoides holoschoenus; e, rug made of Typha; f, bag made of Typha [photos: A. Finally, to dye the net, they used text of uses and functions.

Some pieces like garlitos Fig. The people of the Figs. They have different sizes and are made with river, fishermen but also basket makers, made several different species. Some have handles, others covers and pieces of basketry with three main different purposes: others lack these pieces Table 4. Other household equipment Garlito Fig. The mouthpiece is a ring that can be prepared of dif- per part, was used to store the bread about a week. The mouth is closed at the top the next time it went to the oven.

The more important the mantle. This mantle is braided similarly to the mouth. Eastern Spain Kuoni Even whole small seats po- To fish with these traps, the fisherman must put the sete which also could be used as a recipient were made bait inside, fixed with a rush.

The main baits were snails, with cattail Fig. To protect the Mattresses: formerly, the mattresses were filled normal- bait against the crabs to increase the useful time people ly with plants. Only the best and more expensive were filled covered it with rushes, leaving inside and hide the bait with wool. People used as fill plants without other better ANTC The fishermen leave these traps opposite uses as some helophytes or maize straw Tables 2, 3.

So- to the water stream, avoiding the entrance of substances, cial changes in the last forty years have led to the cessation branches, leaves, etc. They arrange the traps during the of this use, so its impact on the ecosystem is zero. Garlitos the population had grown and the use had been maintained, did not last long in the open in dry environment, and it its impact could have been serious as in the case of overex- was known that, if maintained often submerged, they last- ploitation of cattail and Cyperus species within Chefa Wet- ed longer.

Julio Escuderos, Daimiel fisherman, was a pioneer in this Harnesses to hold oxen, mules and donkeys and their process. Trasmallos fishing nets were used to capture small fish, since big fish were catched with a specific tool called Notwithstanding the abundance of cattail we did not re- rejaca, a kind of trident.

Formerly, fishermen made their corded in this area such uses as the manufacture of curtains own fishing nets, using a rope of cotton, bought in the which instead were common in the Hamun lake area of market. To keep the net inside the water, they maninejad Instead, we recorded the use of rushes in added in one side of the net a row of lead weights, made at the manufacture of curtains Fig.

In the case of pro- home using a specific tool named turquesa, a sort of iron duction of mats or rugs Fig. Each fishermen family had their own crucible. Types of pieces, techniques and plant species used in the upper Guadiana river area Spain. Nasa Fishing basket. Wicker cylinder of Salix spp. Twining To keep fishes and crabs interwoven twigs, with a kind of funnel alive directed inwards in one of its ends and closed with a cover in the other to empty it. Transport tools Aguaderas Pitcher basket.

Frame with divisions that is Typha spp. Albarda Pack saddle. Banasta Hamper. Large wicker or esparto grass Salix spp. Cesta Wicker basket. Wicker container woven Salix spp. Plaited, sinnet, stitched Transport of clothes, fruits with wicker twigs. Esparto grass or cattail Typha spp.

Espuerta Field basket. Basket with two handles. Cylindrical seat made of Typha domingensis Braiding and sewing To sit on Fig. Solera Cart rug. Chair seat. Schoenoplectus lacustris Persianas Fig. External closing of Scirpoides holoschoenus Sewing To regulate light and a door or window formed by sewn twigs. Garrafas forradas Cattail covered wine bottles or gourds. Typha spp. Filling a bag with For beds esparto. See Estera. Sombreros Hat. Garment to cover the head, consisting Secale cereale Several To protect the head of cup and wing.

Agriculture Frontil mosquero Fly veil. Piece of esparto grass, which is put Stipa tenacissima Braiding and sewing To keep flies away Fig. Basketry typology II: a, frontiles mosqueros for oxes; b, Curtain made of Scirpoides holoschoenus; c, Stipa tenacissima hamper to transport olives; d, Covanillos made of Thypha [photos: J.

We have identified 20 plant species used to make brooms, 15 for rough and Brooms are a very popular craft in the area and they are three for fine brooms. They belong to 11 botanical families made using wild or cultivated plants Table 5, Fig. There are two types of brooms, rough brooms used to sweep the field and other outdoor areas, and finer Unlike in the case of local basket weaving, in the manufac- brooms used to sweep the interior of the houses, chimney ture of brooms there are more numerous species used from the or dust as a duster.

Worn brooms have been used to white- dry habitats that surround the wetlands. Brooms: a, making a broom with Sorghum bicolor and Stipa tenacissima; b, man with a broom of Molinia caerulea; c, broom of Sorghum bicolor; d, Erica broom; e, broom of Agrostis castellana [photos: A. Table 5. Species used to make brooms in the upper Guadiana river area Spain. Dry habitats include natural and cultivated areas. Hull Mogariza Front and backyards Erica tetralix L. Junco merino Front and backyards Oleaceae Olea europaea L.

Oliva Outdoors, sweeping manure in farmyards Phyllanthaceae Flueggea tinctoria L. Moench Fig. Calamino Front and backyards Compositae Artemisia campestris L. Tomillo cominero Front and backyards Centaurea aspera L. Amargas Front and backyards Mantisalca salmantica L.

Cabezuela Front and backyards Leguminosae Cytisus scoparius L. Link Iniesta Front and backyards Retama sphaerocarpa L. Retama Front and backyards Oleaceae Phillyrea angustifolia L. Barresanto The finest one, indoors Stipa offneri Breistr. Cerrillo Indoors Stipa tenacissima L. Esparto Front and backyards Broom corn is specifically grown in the vegetable wa- The technique to make a broom is fairly easy, just put- tered gardens to produce the fibers needed to make brooms, ting together a plant handful and wrapping with a specif- the part used is the panicle.

Some brooms are made to clean ic knot, which tightens very hard the broom and forming outdoor spaces like yards or plots, others are used at home, a handle to hold it. The plants must be collected before even to clean dust over the furniture. This species has been flowering and the harvesting is usually done by means of used in other villages of Cuenca, Albacete and Ciudad Real a sickle or croaker.

Heather brooms Erica spp. Cytisus, Genista or Retama brooms are used ous resources necessary for their life. Wetlands and irrigated fields Arauzo M. Palomo G. Parte del entorno de las Tablas de Brooms are made with a wide number of species that are Daimiel. ARBA, Madrid. Morphological adaptations of type. Unlike other basketry materials, the manufacture of emergent plants to water flow: a case study with Typha angustifolia, Zizania brooms requires fewer resources from wetlands.

The bas- latifolia and Phragmites australis. Freshwater Biology — Barber A. The degradation and loss of wetlands in La Mancha Barreca F.

The natural material in bioconstruction between tradition and Spain , due to overexploitation of aquifers, occupation for innovation: the use of giant reed Arundo donax L. Use of giant reed Arundo donax L.

Los primeros pobladores en el ing and many others, within the foundations of the conser- entorno de Daimiel. Las motillas y el Bronce de La Mancha. Berzas J. Evolution of the Knowledge on plant species and techniques used to water quality of a managed natural wetland: Tablas de Daimiel National make basketry and brooms is a relevant heritage to be pre- Park Spain.

Water Research — Traditional knowledge related to basket weaving Cacho C. Complutum also adapted to new cultural and social contexts, such as 6: — Given the uniqueness and Calhoun A. Biological Conservation 3— El Parque Nacional de las Tablas de Daimiel. Website: www. Hydrological Processes — Cirujano, S.

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IEA, Albacete. Las plantas y el hombre. Fajardo J. Traditional Mitsch J. Ecosystem services of craft techniques of Esparto Grass Stipa tenacissima L. Gardner R. Ramsar Real. Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Granada, Granada. Gland, Switzerland: Ramsar Convention Secretariat. Morillo C. Conservation in Spain, — Biological Conservation — Plants traditionally used for industrial and artisanal purposes in the Arribes del Duero Spain.

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While evaluating the economic value, Costanza et al. Wetlands across the globe have exhibited diversified characteristics ranging from inland freshwater swamps to brackish water coastal marshes and mangroves, peatlands, riparian wetlands, and marshes Costanza, Also, at the transitional areas, wetlands can exhibit characteristics of either terrestrial or aquatic ecosystems while some wetlands can possess characteristics common to both. But, despite the diversified characteristics, a wetland must possess an area a that results in wet or flooded soils b having soils undergoing anaerobic processes and c which has a biological entity plant or animal that are adapted to life in flooded, anaerobic environments.

The diversity in wetlands has resulted in scientists and technocrats giving different definitions. Basically, wetlands are geographical areas where water bodies are near land or soil throughout the year or for varying periods of time during the year.

The earliest definition was given by Cowardian et al. The Ramsar Convention on Wetland in , in Iran www. This loss has been particularly higher in Asian countries. The major causes identified as responsible for the decline of the wetlands are rapid urbanization and infrastructure development; excessive use of land; drainage to agricultural use; pollution due to agriculture, industrial and municipal sources; climate change and variability.

The negligence towards maintaining and preserving the wetlands has resulted in adverse effects in the form of fewer access to fresh water for people worldwide, scarcity of food and energy and more occurrences of floods thereby causing irreparable damage to coastland ecosystem and livelihood. Many of their resources are considered under risk as a result of anthropic impacts related to water management, damming, fishing, farming, oil exploitation, agriculture and forestry, etc.

The losses are larger and faster on inland than on coastal natural areas. Offer does not apply to e-Collections and exclusions of select titles may apply. Offer expires June 30, Browse Titles. Add to Cart. Instant access upon order completion. Free Content. More Information. Rathoure, IGI Global, , pp.